The Coupling Hierarchy

coupling(n) = N / gcd(n, N)

Every ring in the hierarchy has coupling classes: elements grouped by which primes divide them. Each prime is present or absent in gcd(n,N), giving 2^k classes for k primes. Z/2,310 (5 primes): 32 classes. Z/12,612,600 (6 primes): 64 classes. Z/214,414,200 (7 primes): 128 classes. The class count doubles with each new prime.

Class Counts Across Rings

The Classification Theorem
Z/NZ has exactly 2^k distinct coupling classes where k = number of distinct prime factors of N. Each prime is either present or absent in gcd(n,N). k binary choices = 2^k classes. This holds for every ring in the hierarchy.
RingNPrimesClasses
Z/2102*3*5*7416 = 2^4
Z/2,3102*3*5*7*11532 = 2^5
Z/970,2002^3 * 3^2 * 5^2 * 7^2 * 115 (prime-power)32 = 2^5
Z/12,612,600Z/970,200 * 13664 = 2^6
Z/214,414,200Z/12,612,600 * 177128 = 2^7

Z/970,200 has the same 5 primes as Z/2,310 but with raised exponents (higher powers). Same 32 class patterns, more elements per class. Z/12,612,600 adds 13: classes double to 64. Z/214,414,200 adds 17: classes double again to 128. Each new prime doubles the anatomy.

Pure Classes in Z/2,310 (32 classes)

ClassCountCouplingDivisor
Units (gcd=1)4802310 (max)coprime to all
2-pure (gcd=2)4801155divisible by 2 only
3-pure (gcd=3)240770divisible by 3 only
5-pure (gcd=5)120462divisible by 5 only
7-pure (gcd=7)80330divisible by 7 only
11-pure (gcd=11)48210divisible by 11 only
Void (0)10all primes divide

In Z/214,414,200 (128 classes), two more pure classes appear: 13-pure and 17-pure. 1 unit + 7 pure + 119 compounds + 1 void = 128 = 2^7.

Explore: Coupling Analyzer

Enter any number. See its class, coupling, and all 7 channel statuses in Z/214,414,200. Units have maximum coupling (38,707,200 = phi(214,414,200)). Void has zero.

Analyze any element:

Try: 1 (unit), 2 (2-class), 13 (13-class), 17 (17-class), 6 (compound), 0 (void).

Eight Classes

Seven primes create eight coupling classes: the unit class plus one pure class per prime. In Z/214,414,200, all eight are present. In smaller rings, only the primes that divide N appear.

Units (coprime)
phi(N) elements
Coprime to all primes. Maximum coupling. Present in every ring.
2-class
coupling = N/2
Divisible by 2 only. The even elements.
3-class
coupling = N/3
Divisible by 3 only.
5-class
coupling = N/5
Divisible by 5 only. 5^2 = 0 in mod-25 channel.
7-class
coupling = N/7
Divisible by 7 only. Deepest resolution (49 states).
11-class
coupling = N/11
Divisible by 11 only. Error detection channel.
13-class
coupling = N/13
Divisible by 13 only. Appears in Z/12,612,600 and Z/214,414,200.
17-class
coupling = N/17
Divisible by 17 only. 5*7 = 1 mod 17. Z/214,414,200 only.

Four Views

The coupling heatmap reveals different structure depending on the coloring:

Coupling view
Color by coupling(n)
Hot = high coupling (units). Cold = low (zero divisors).
Prime view
Color by smallest factor
2=red, 3=green, 5=blue, 7=purple, 11=cyan, 13=pink, 17=teal, units=gold.
Eigenvalue view
Color by lambda(class)
Spectral signature. Positive=warm, negative=cool.
CRT view
Color by channel activity
Which of 7 channels is nonzero? 2^7 = 128 combinations.
Democracy Theorem
coupling(n) = |coset of n under unit multiplication|. Every unit can reach every other unit. No unit can reach any zero divisor. The units form an Abelian group. The zero divisors form seven classes -- structured inequality.

The Ring Hierarchy

Each ring adds structure. Z/2,310 is the pedagogical entry (squarefree). Z/970,200 raises exponents to prime powers. Z/12,612,600 adds 13. Z/214,414,200 adds 17. The architecture scales:

RingNClassesphi(N)/N
Z/21021016 = 2^48/35
Z/2,310231032 = 2^516/77
Z/970,20097020032 = 2^516/77
Z/12,612,6001261260064 = 2^6192/1001
Z/214,414,200214414200128 = 2^73072/17017
The Septum
phi(N)/N = fraction of units. Z/2,310: 16/77 = 20.78%. Z/12,612,600: 192/1001 = 19.18%. Z/214,414,200: 3072/17017 = 18.05%. Each new prime tightens the fraction. The boundary becomes more selective as the ring grows.

Class count doubles with each new prime (binary choice). Element count scales by Carmichael lambda = 420 from Z/2,310 to Z/970,200 (raising exponents preserves class structure). 13 and 17 each double the anatomy without raising exponents.

Contrast Table

AspectStandard ViewRing Structure View
128 classesDivisor lattice of 214,414,2002^7 = seven binary channel choices. Each ring doubles.
8 pure classesDivisor subgroupsUnit class plus one pure class per prime. Structured hierarchy.
Coupling strengthCoprimality measurecoupling(n) = N/gcd(n,N). Measures how connected an element is.
Ring hierarchyDifferent moduliZ/2,310 -> Z/970,200 -> Z/12,612,600 -> Z/214,414,200. Each adds structure.
HeatmapVisualization techniqueFour independent colorings of the same ring
phi(N)/NEuler product formulaFraction of units tightens: 20.78% (Z/2,310) -> 18.05% (Z/214,414,200)

Source code · Public domain (CC0)

Report issue

.ax source compiled to WASM via self-hosting compiler. Zero HTML authored.